Discriminant validity of the current gingivitis classification in adolescents: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of gingivitis estimated by the 2018 European Federation of Periodontology/American Academy of Periodontology (EFP/AAP) classification with the other case definitions and assess the ability of this classification system in discriminating sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with the presence of gingivitis in a cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multistage random sample of 1134 12-year-old adolescents was submitted to a full-mouth examination according to the Community Periodontal Index. Socioeconomic and clinical variables were collected at baseline. Gingivitis was considered according to the following criteria: (a) ≥ 10% of bleeding sites (the 2018 EFP/AAP criteria); (b) ≥ 15% of bleeding sites; and (c) the mean full-mouth bleeding sites. Adjusted multilevel Poisson regression assessed the association between independent variables at baseline and each definition of gingivitis at 2-year follow-up. RESULTS: Seven hundred forty-two 14-year-old adolescents were re-revaluated at follow-up. The prevalence of gingivitis was 28.7% according to 10% of bleeding threshold. The 2018 EFP/AAP criteria and other definitions showed higher prevalence and mean of gingivitis for low-household income adolescents and for those with higher levels of dental plaque and untreated dental caries. Nonetheless, the highest strengths of association were observed for the threshold of ≥ 15% of bleeding sites. CONCLUSION: The 2018 EFP/AAP case definition of gingivitis showed a similar discriminant validity compared to the 15% threshold and the mean full-mouth bleeding sites. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The 2018 EFP/AAP classification allows the discrimination of important risk factors and should be used for the establishment of priorities for large-scale therapeutic programs.

Social capital and oral health in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically evaluate the association of individual and contextual social capital with oral health outcomes in children and adolescents. METHODS: Electronic searches were performed in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases for articles published from 1966 up to June 2021. Two calibrated reviewers screened and critically appraised the identified papers. Observational studies that evaluated the relationship of individual or/and contextual social capital or their proxies with oral health outcomes in children and adolescents using validated methods were included. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were extracted for narrative synthesis and meta-analysis followed by a meta-regression model. Meta-analysis using random effects method was used to estimate pooled prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Of the 3060 studies initially retrieved, 31 were included in the systematic review and 21 in the meta-analysis, totalling 81 241 individuals. The clinical outcomes included dental caries and gingival bleeding and subjective outcomes were oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and self-rated oral health (SROH). Individuals with lower levels of individual social capital had a higher prevalence of poor clinical (PR 1.11; 95%CI 1.02-1.22) and subjective (PR 1.25; 95%CI 1.09-1.45) oral health conditions. The prevalence of worse clinical (PR 1.34; 95%CI 1.11-1.61) and subjective (PR 1.56; 95%CI 1.13-2.16) oral health outcomes were also associated with lower levels of contextual social capital. In general, the contextual level of social capital exerted more impact, and the subjective oral health outcomes were the more affected. CONCLUSIONS: Contextual and individual social capital were positively related to oral health outcomes, such as dental caries, gingival bleeding, SROH and OHRQoL in children and adolescents.

Socioeconomic status and oral health-related quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review observational studies assessing the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children, adolescents and adults. METHODS: Electronic searches were performed in the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS and Scopus databases for articles published up to September 2020. Two independent reviewers performed the search and critical appraisal of the studies. The inclusion criteria were observational studies that evaluated the effect of SES on the OHRQoL in all age groups using validated methods. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were extracted for meta-analysis followed by a meta-regression analysis. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled calculate prevalence ratio (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each study. RESULTS: The search strategy retrieved 6114 publications. Some 139 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. Of those, 75 were included in the general meta-analysis they represented a total sample of 109 269 individuals. People of lower SES had worse OHRQoL (PR 1.30; 95% CI 1.26-1.35). In the meta-analyses of different subgroups, an association was found between low SES and worse OHRQoL in countries of all economic classifications, in all age groups and irrespective of the socioeconomic indicator used. A socioeconomic gradient in OHRQoL was also observed, in which the lower the individuals' socioeconomic position, the poorer their OHRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals of low SES had poorer OHRQoL, regardless of the country's economic classification, SES indicator and age group. Public policies aiming to reduce social inequalities are necessary for better OHRQoL throughout life.

The Impact of Prior Use of Corticosteroid to Dental Extraction on Oral Health-Related Quality-of-Life and Clinical Outcomes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of prior use of corticosteroids before dental extractions on oral health-related quality-of-life (OHRQoL). METHODS: A randomized and triple-blind (patient, surgeon, and examiner) clinical trial was designed. The individuals were randomly allocated to 2 groups: test and placebo. In the test group, 2 capsules of 4 mg dexamethasone were administered orally. In the placebo group, subjects received 2 capsules with the same characteristics. In both groups, the administration took place 1 hour before the procedure. OHRQoL was assessed by the Brazilian version of Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP-14). The OHIP-14 questionnaire and the assessment methods for clinical parameters were collected preoperatively and postoperatively. Multilevel linear regression models fitted the associations between preoperative use of corticosteroids and overall and domain-specific OHIP-14 scores over time. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients were selected for the study; however, 21 were excluded for not returning to postoperative control on the seventh day, resulting in 93 patients assessed (test = 44 and placebo = 49). The pain had a negative impact on OHRQoL (P < .01); however, the use of the drug had no statistically significant influence on OHRQoL (P = .62) and the clinical outcomes of pain (P = .63), mouth aperture (P = .05), and edema (P = .69). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the 8 mg dexamethasone administered orally before the procedure was not effective on the improvement of the quality-of-life of patients undergoing dental extraction. However, using the medication seems to result in an improvement in the postoperative period of patients who had impacted teeth. Further research involving the analysis of OHRQoL must be performed, and other dosages and means of administration must be tested.

Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health-related quality of life in adolescents: a cohort study.

PURPOSE: Socioeconomic inequalities are recognized as a major problem with people in low socioeconomic groups having worse subjective oral health outcomes, including oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). However, only a few longitudinal studies assessed the impact of contextual and individual socioeconomic determinants in adolescents' OHRQoL. We estimate the impact of socioeconomic inequalities on adolescents' OHRQoL over a 2-year period. METHODS: This study followed up a random sample of 1134 12-year-old schoolchildren for 2 years in Brazil. OHRQoL was assessed by the Brazilian version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire for 11- to 14-year-old Children (CPQ11-14) at baseline and follow-up. Participants were clinically examined for dental caries, gingival bleeding, and malocclusion. The schoolchildren's parents answered a questionnaire regarding socioeconomic status, social capital, and adolescents' use of dental service. Socioeconomic contextual variables were collected from official city publications. Multilevel linear regression models fitted the associations between socioeconomic factors and overall CPQ11-14 scores over time. RESULTS: A total of 747, 14-year-old adolescents were reassessed for OHRQoL (follow-up rate of 66%). Adolescents with lower mean income school's neighborhood (P < 0.05), household income (P < 0.05), and maternal schooling (P < 0.05) had higher overall CPQ11-14 scores. Female sex, attending a dentist by toothache, dental caries, and malocclusion were also associated with higher overall CPQ11-14 scores. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents from low socioeconomic background reported worse OHRQoL at 2-year follow-up compared to those from high socioeconomic background. Actions toward health inequalities need to address socioeconomic factors in adolescence.

Pathways of socioeconomic inequalities in gingival bleeding among adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the pathways through which the socioeconomic inequalities may influence gingival bleeding in adolescents, assessing the direct and indirect effects of material and psychosocial variables. METHODS: This cohort study followed a multistage, random sample of 1134 12-year-old adolescents from 20 public schools of Santa Maria, a city in southern Brazil. The percentage of teeth with gingival bleeding was recorded according to the Community Periodontal Index criteria (scored as healthy or bleeding) at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. Biological (dental plaque, caries, and dental crowding), material (socioeconomic position [SEP] operationalized as family income and parents' education), psychosocial (parents' religiosity, self-rated health, and happiness) and behavioural (use of dental service by adolescents) factors were collected at baseline. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was guided by the adapted Commission on the Social Determinants of Health model linking material, psychosocial, biological, and behaviour variables to health. The SEM was employed to estimate standardized direct, indirect, and total effects of material and psychosocial factors on gingival bleeding at follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 770 14-year-old adolescents were reassessed (follow-up rate of 68%). The lower SEP at baseline had a higher direct effect (standard coefficient [SC] = -0.17, P < 0.01) than a mediated effect on percentage of teeth with gingival bleeding at 2-year follow-up. The lower indirect effect (SC = -0.06, P < 0.01) from SEP to gingival bleeding at follow-up ran through biological factors-dental plaque (baseline and follow-up) and gingival bleeding at baseline. The lower religiosity of the parents as a psychosocial aspect had only a small direct effect (SC = -0.10, P = 0.03) on gingival bleeding at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Material factors such as SEP contributed most to explanations on inequalities in adolescents' periodontal health because of their higher direct effect and additional shared (indirect) effect (through biological factors) on gingival bleeding. Religious practice as a psychosocial factor only explained part of percentage of teeth with gingival bleeding at follow-up.

Periodontitis and breast cancer: A case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the association between periodontitis and breast cancer in a sample of adult Brazilian women. METHODS: This was a hospital-based study, which included 67 cases and 134 controls (1:2). Women were selected consecutively between April, 2013 and June, 2015 among those attending the Department of Gynecology at the University Hospital of Santa Maria. Cases were selected among women diagnosed with breast cancer (ICD-10 C50), and controls were matched for age (±2 years), and smoking status (never, former and current smoker). Conditional logistic regression was used to model the association between periodontitis and breast cancer with and without adjustment for potential confounders. Four case definitions for periodontitis were used. RESULTS: Cases had significantly greater clinical attachment loss than controls (P=.04). After adjusting for important covariates, women diagnosed with periodontitis had two to three times higher odds of breast cancer than women without periodontitis depending on the case definition of periodontitis (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: A significant association was observed between periodontitis and breast cancer.